Diseases of the vine

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In this third part, dedicated to the care of diseases of fruit plants, we will examine the main causes of damage to the cultivation of wine and table grapes and the main symptoms will be indicated, with useful remedies for the correct cultivation of this plant, among the most widespread on an agricultural and amateur level.
The main reasons for the widespread diffusion of diseases are to be found among the millenary origins of cultivation in our environments and in equal measure from the Mediterranean vocation or typicality, given by the rusticity and adaptability to almost all our climates.
The success of the cultivation of the vine as of all plants is the result of a set of ideal conditions of equilibrium including: the agronomic technique, the correct management of fertilization and defense, and, as for other crops, it is important to constantly monitor the their state to be able to intervene promptly to contain the spread of pathologies and encourage a correct development.
The general rules already indicated for the fight against the adversity of other crops such as: "prevention is the best cure" and that "good nutrition is the best resource for resistance to diseases" are more than valid in viticulture and for this reason, at in order to recognize from the first symptoms the pathogens or the cause of the vegetative block the adverse causes are grouped in tables with diseases and the damages caused.

Adversity and care

To illustrate the various problems that damage the vine, the different causes can be grouped into: environmental, parasitic and fungal diseases, insect and animal damage.

1) non-parasitic diseases: nutritional or environmental.

All the vines need neutral, well-drained soil, fairly well equipped with fertilizing elements, organic substance, and moisture in moderate soil in order to grow and produce regularly.
Although the vine is a rustic species, the lack of a soil suitable for cultivation and lack of nutrients due to the soil causes a general deterioration of the plant, with consequences that negatively affect the whole physiology of the plant, reducing production and the quality of the product for food values ​​if table grapes or oenological value and shelf life are used if wine is made.
Plants that are weakened due to nutritional deficiencies are then more affected than others by parasitosis, because their resistance to combating diseases is reduced.
The vines with deficiencies show specific symptoms such as yellowing, reddening, leaf desiccation, poor flowering and fruit set, or bunches with small, deformed berries with a sharp taste.
Depending on the type of nutrient that the plant lacks, the main causes are explained in the following table:

2) Parasitic vine aversion due to fungi

The vine is easily attacked by various fungal or cryptogamic diseases, more commonly called "molds", due to the appearance of their fruiting that generally cover the plant attached.
These pathogens are favored by humid or rainy climatic situations and, if not checked promptly, they can proliferate destroying leaves, flowers and bunches in a short time with productive and qualitative deadlines.
The manifestations of these diseases are more serious on vines with nutritional deficiencies and, depending on the various groups of pathogens, are distinguished according to the symptoms and organs affected in: mold, rot, cancers, drying; the following table shows the symptoms and causes:

Symptom on the plant	Symptom on the bunches and enological reflections	shortage
Discoloration generalized plant and leaf yellowing more pronounced in basal areas. Stunted vegetation with poor flowering.	low small acidulous production and berries	Nitrogen
coloration bronze-purplish leaves, little growth and poor flowering.	maturity very slow or incomplete, productive shortages e sparsely stored grapes and wine.	Phosphorus
The leaves can become yellowish on vines with white or brown grapes - reddish on red vines. In severe cases they follow dries of the flaps with U-shaped curvature. Poor lignification of fabrics and greater sensitivity to cold.	bunches small, with sour berries, poorly colored and sugars. Wine with low alcohol content and low coloring.	Potassium
The basal leaves turn yellow and dry out central rib and can fall early.	strong production reductions caused by the desiccation of the rachis and berries. Poorly sugary must.	Magnesium
Deformation leaves accentuated with yellowing and boiling. The laminae of young leaves mainly dry up on the margins and on the apex.	bunches small with deformed berries. Poorly aromatic wine.	Football
yellowing progressive from the apices to the bottom of the plant with leaf desiccation in the most severe cases. No or very poor flowering.	maturity irregular with poor production. poor quality on berries and wine.	Iron

There are many types of insects that hit the vines and can present chewing or sucking mouthparts.
Damage occurs on the entire plant with various preferences depending on the type of destruction, for example: rosea or cigar-wrapped leaves, fruit punctures and erosions, leaf tinges or leaf yellowing.
The most fearful category of insects is given by suckers, such as leafhoppers, because in addition to the direct damage caused by sap subtraction they can transmit viral forms.
In the following table the symptoms and the main agents of the damage are summarized:

symptom on the plant and on the bunches	Group pathological of mushrooms
discolorations leafy oil stain, in correspondence of the which, on the lower edge, appear molds white. Bunches completely covered with mold whitish.	Mildew
appear white felt spots on leaves and berries crack or crack.	Powdery mildew or white mal
Up leaves and young clusters appear gray mold ashes that later on dry up the organs. Sometimes attacks appear only at maturity, with molds located only on the center of the bunches.	Mold gray of the bunches
cracks on young shoots like lesions or bruises. leaves or bunches that dry up.	Escoriosi or cracking of the branches

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Symptom on the plant and on the bunches	Guy of insect
Insects that with their stings on the leaves produce silver discolorations and deformations.	Thrips
Insects with dark green elytra they feed by pricking or digging the leaf. Following the erosions the leaf rolls up in the shape of a cigar and within a this the female lays her eggs.	factory employee
I'm caterpillars or larvae of butterflies that they destroy with the their erosions either the young shoots or invade the berries at the beginning of maturation.	Moth and moth
I'm sucking butterflies that prick young leaves or buds. The affected organs present curl up with tawny or golden colors.	leafhoppers
I'm tiny spiders that they cause with their bites on the yellowing leaves that later dry up and fall early. They are very mobile and when they massively attack the plant they also produce small cobwebs.	Mites or red or yellow spiders